CHEM 121 Lab Websites

Excellent review tutorial on complex ion equilibria (see Common Ions and Complex Ions and Combined Equilibria on the left panel). Includes practice problems. From Purdue University.
To do:
Click on the topic Combined Equilibria on the left panel. Explain in your own words the colors observed for the 7 different solutions in the volumetric flasks. Describe what each solution contains in both words and using chemical equations. Explain the equilibrium conditions that lead to the color changes.

Chemical Equilibrium in the Gas Phase

http://www.chem.vt.edu/RVGS/ACT/notes/chem-eqm.html#K_tell

The following notes describe the characteristics of gaseous systems at equilibrium, but equilibrium in aqueous solutions and the liquid phase behave in essentially the same manner.

To do:

There are a variety of example problems that are worked out, plus practice problems that you can do. You should work these practice problems out on paper, then type in your answer(s) for a particular problem and click on "Check Answer" to see if it is correct. A PowerPoint review can be downloaded to help you summarize all of the kinds of problems that are in this tutorial. Turn in your worksheet to your instructor.

Acid-Base Indicators

http://www.ch.ic.ac.uk/aptonge/mdl/indi/.index.html

Requires the Chime plug-in to view molecules. This is a brief discussion of the chemistry of indicators which provide chime structures for a variety of indicators. By Wyn Locke from the Virtual Chemistry Library project at Imperial College.

Acid-Base Equilibria

http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/ch17/waterframe.html

Excellent comprehensive review tutorial on acid-base equilibria. Includes practice problems with answers. Specific topics of interest are easily accessed by separate links. From Purdue University.

pH Buffers in the Blood - An Example of Acid-Base Equilibria

http://wunmr.wustl.edu/EduDev/LabTutorials/Buffer/Buffer.html

This is a tutorial using acid-base chemistry concepts to explain pH regulation during exercise.

Gas-Phase Reactions: An Introduction to Kinetics and Equilibrium

http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/ch16/gasframe.html

Excellent comprehensive review tutorial on Gas-Phase Reactions, Equilibrium Expressions, and Le Chatelier's Principle. Includes practice problems with answers. Specific topics of interest are easily accessed by separate links. From Purdue University.

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24 Determination of an Equilibrium Constant by Spectrophotometry

The Chemistry Hypermedia Project: UV-Vis Absorption Spectroscopy

http://www.chemistry.vt.edu/chem-ed/spec/uv-vis/uv-vis.html

Text-based explanation of ultraviolet and visible absorption speoctroscopy with a schematic and a picture of the Spectronic 20 instrument. To do -answer the following questions:
a) What is an absoprtion spectrum? (Hint: click on "absorption")
b) What kind of excitations will occur within the atom when it absorbs a) uv or visible light, b) infrared light, and c) microwaves?
c) How can you measure analyte concentration by measuring the absorbance of the analyte at some wavelength?
d) What is the function of the monchromator in a single-beam uv-vis spectrophotometer?
e) Explain how a double-beam uv-vis spectrophotometer is different from the single-beam type.

Solubility and Complex-Ion Equilibria

http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/ch18/solubleframe.html

Excellent review tutorial on complex ion equilibria (see Common Ions and Complex Ions on the left panel). Includes practice problems. from Purdue University.
To do:
Click on Common Ions and Complex Ions on the left panel. Read this selection and do Practice Problems 13-16. Turn in your worksheet showing all your work.

General Chemistry Online: Water to Wine

http://antoine.fsu.umd.edu/chem/senese/101/features/water2wine.shtml

This is an interesting and informative article on what gives rise to color changes using indicators. In essence, the article talks about the molecular basis for color.

Transition Metal Chemistry

http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/ch12/transframe.html

Review tutorial on transition metals and coordination complexes. Includes practice problems.

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25 Factors Affecting the Rates of Chemical Reactions

Molecular Animation of the Formation of Ozone

http://www.eclipse.net/~pankuch/Ozone2.dcr

Needs a Shockwave Macromedia Director. This is a molecular simulation of the reaction of oxygen molecules to form ozone.
To do - answer the following:
a) Explain the reaction that occurs in the formation of ozone from xoygen molecules using words and equations.
b) What are the factors that control the rate of this reaction?

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26 The Rate of a Chemical Reaction-Chemical Kinetics

The Rates of Chemical Reactions

http://www.chem.ox.ac.uk/vrchemistry/rates/newhtml/default.htm

The following teaching material is based on an extract from the book "Chemistry, Matter, And The Universe" by Richard E. Dickerson and Irving Geis. You should use Netscape Communicator or Internet Explorer versions 4.0 or above in order to view these web pages. The plug-in Shockwave is required to view the multimedia animations in the web pages. This is a comprehensive self-guided web-based text chapter on "The Rates of Chemical Reactionsl" containing text, illustrations, and some animations. On top of the page are bars with clickable items that can help you jump to other topics and navigate through the chapter. You can also use the arrows in the right bottom corner of the page to navigate page by page.
To do:
Using the menu bars on top of the page, go to the questions section. This section contains 20 or so questions. Pick 10 questions to answer using the tutorial to guide you. You are also welcome to do the problems but make sure that you indicate this. Turn in your worksheet and your answers to your instructor. Make sure you properly label your solutions and answers with the question number.

Chemical Kinetics and Reactions

http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/ch22/rateframe.html

Excellent review tutorial on Chemical Kinetics, Reactions, and Activation Energy. Includes practice problems with answers. Topics are separated by links for easy access to specific ones of interest. From Purdue University.

Gas-Phase Reactions: An Introduction to Kinetics and Equilibrium

http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/ch16/gasframe.html

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27 Acid-Base Titrations - The Titration of Stomach Acids

The Contribution of Water to pH

http://www.science.ubc.ca/cgi-bin/chem/tutorial/~chem/tutorials/pH/section16/index.html

This is a one-page explanation of the contribution of water to pH.

To do:
Read this page to review your knowledge about acids and bases and pH. Take the quiz and answer the 11 questions. The quiz can be accessed by clicking on the notebook icon at the very bootom of the page on the left-hand side. Clicking on this icon will open up a new window for the quiz page. To go back to the text page, click on the other notebook icon onthe quiz page. Turn in your answers to quiz questions to your instructor.

Acid-Base and pH Tutorial

http://www.science.ubc.ca/~chem/tutorials/pH/index.html

An extensive text-based tutorials on acids and bases with accompanying quizzes. Includes topics such as nature of acids and bases, the dissociation of water and the pH scale, acid-base character and chemical structure, buffered solutions, titration curves, etc.
To do - Explore the importance of pH in biological applications:
a) What is the significance of the pH in the catalysis of biochemical reactions in the body?
b) Illustrate the bicarbonate buffer system in the blood and explain how this regulates the breathing process.

Strong and Weak Acids

http://genchem.uncc.edu/pictures/Acids.mov

Needs Quicktime plug-in.
A simple moving picture with audio explaining 3 examples of strong and weak acids.
Note: Depending on the download speed, the movie will start as the download initiates but might pause as it waits for the rest of the file.
To do:
Answer the following questions:

What are the 3 acids discussed in the movie? What kind of electrolytes are they?

Strong and Weak Bases

http://genchem.uncc.edu/pictures/Bases.mov

Needs Quicktime plug-in.
A moving picture with audio explanations about strong and weak bases.
Note: Depending on the download speed, the movie will start as the download initiates but might pause as it waits for the rest of the file.
To do:
What are the bases mentioned in the movie? Characterize them as being strong or weak bases.

The Chemistry of the Stomach: How Do YOU Spell Relief?

http://www.cchem.berkeley.edu/~chem1a/fall95/lab/bio/stomach/stomach.html

A multi-media chemistry experiment module performed at the University of California - Berkeley Chemistry 1-A class. This site includes class experimental results on tests of the acid-neutralizing effects of several commercial stomach antacids:
Part One: Testing Commercial Antacids
Part Two: The Effect of pH on Digestion of Proteins
Part Three: Designing Your Own Experiment: Which Antacid Is The Best?

Acids and Bases

http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/ch11/acidbaseframe.html

Excellent comprehensive review tutorial on acids and bases. Includes practice problems with answers. Specific topics of interest are easily accessed by separate links. From Purdue University.

Acid-Base Indicators and Titrations

http://www.ch.ic.ac.uk/aptonge/mdl/indi/.index.html

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28 Determination of the Acid Dissociation Constant of a Weak Acid

The Chemistry Hypermedia Project: pH Meter

http://www.chemistry.vt.edu/chem-ed/echem/phmeter.html

This page gives a brief explanation of the pH meter. In text with pictures (note: Quicktime movie does not work).
To do - Answer the following questions:
What is an ion-selective electrode?
How does a pH meter measure the pH of a substance?
Explain the equation used as the basis for measuring pH using an ion-selective electrode.
Hint: Click on the hyperlinks on the page for more information.
What type of ion-selective membrane is typically used? Give both the chemical formula and the chemical name.

Titration Curves

http://www.science.ubc.ca/cgi-bin/chem/tutorial/~chem/tutorials/pH/section14/index.html

This is a one-page article describing the form of the titration curves for titration of a strong acid by a strong base, a weak acid by a strong base, or a weak base by a strong acid. .
To do:
Read this page to review your knowledge about titration curves. Take the quiz and answer the 18 questions. The quiz can be accessed by clicking on the notebook icon at the very bootom of the page on the left-hand side. Clicking on this icon will open up a new window for the quiz page. To go back to the text page, click on the other notebook icon onthe quiz page. Turn in your answers to the quiz questions to your instructor.

Yue-Ling Wong's Java Interactive Titration Curve Simulation

http://yip5.chem.wfu.edu/yip/java/titrate.html

This site allows you to determine the endpoint for an acid-base titration using an interactive titration simulation Java application. This interactive application allows you to view the pH change in a solution while "adding" a volume of the base as titrant. Instructions are given on the page. There are a total of three simulation activities that you can play with. Requires a Java plug-in.
To do:
The 3 simulations in this site are designed to help you determine the acid concentration of a solution. Use of these three simulations to calculate the concentration of the acid given in the problem. Make sure you write the simulation number, the problem statement, your calculated concentration, and any notes showing your work. Turn these in to your instructor.

Acids and Bases

http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/ch11/acidbaseframe.html

Excellent comprehensive review tutorial on acids and bases. Includes practice problems with answers. Specific topics of interest are easily accessed by separate links. From Purdue University.

Weak Acid

http://wwwchem.csustan.edu/chem1110/Weak.htm

This is a tutorial on acid-base titration problems. The tutorials on strong acid and weak acid (boxed links on top of the page) contain examples that illustrate the calculations involved in the titration of a strong acid with a strong base and those involved with weak acid-base solutions. To view these examples, follow the instructions above the table given on the page. From CSU Stanislaus Department of Chemistry.

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29 The Chemistry of Natural Waters

Water Hardness

http://wunmr.wustl.edu/EduDev/LabTutorials/Water/FreshWater/hardness.html

This is a short primer on water hardness from Washington University in St. Louis which provides a brief discussion of what makes water "hard" and briefly explains methods for softening hard water.
To do:
At the bottom of the page are six questions relating to the article. Answer these six questions and turn in your work to your instructor.

Chemical of the Week -- Chelating Agents

http://scifun.chem.wisc.edu/chemweek/ChelatingAgents/ChelatingAgents.html

This article discusses the three most common chelating agents. In text with chemical formulas and equations.
To do:
Explain what a chelating agent is and list the three most commonly used chelating agents. What are the practical applications of these chelating agents?

Ground Water Primer: U.S. EPA Student Center

http://www.epa.gov/students/ground_water_primer.htm

This section presents basic terms and principles of hydrogeology. The first section introduces many key terms and concepts in definition form. Subsequent definitions include graphics to aid in explanation. The following sections introduce principles of a ground water movement, using these terms. Graphics are included to further define terms and illustrate concepts.

Lakes Nyos and Monoun, the Killer Lakes of Cameroon. Gas Disasters and Plans for Hazard Mitigation through Degassing

http://www.biology.lsa.umich.edu/~gwk/research/nyos.html#description

This is an article describing the gas release disaster at Lake Nyos and Monoun in Cameroon. The link to "1999 Field Investigation - Preliminary Report" gives a summary of the latest findings and recommendations about these two lakes including gas chemistry measurements and degassing procedures.

Selenium: A Window On Wetlands

http://www.lbl.gov/MicroWorlds/Wetlands/

A teaching module presenting real scientific research done at the Advanced Light Source in Lawrence Berkeley National Lab.
This module examines the question"How do contaminants move and change in an ecosystem?" and presents a series of scientific findings in the form of clues. It also includes activities that are related to a specific result and questions about the chemistry involved.

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30 The Solubility Product Constant of Ca(IO3)2

Nutrient Solubility

http://wunmr.wustl.edu/EduDev/LabTutorials/Vitamins/vitamins.html

Text tutorial with illustrations.
This tutorial discusses the concept of solubility as applied to nutrient solubility in the body.
To do:
Answer questions 1-11 and turn in your answers to the instructor.

Solubility Equilibria

http://www.science.ubc.ca/~chem/tutorials/pH/section17/index.html

This is a one-page review of solubility equilibria with the goal of setting up the solubility product constant for a salt.
To do:
Read this page to review your knowledge about solubility equilibria. Take the quiz and answer the 7 questions. The quiz can be accessed by clicking on the notebook icon at the very bootom of the page on the left-hand side. Clicking on this icon will open up a new window for the quiz page. To go back to the text page, click on the other notebook icon onthe quiz page. Turn in your answers to quiz questions to your instructor.

Solubility and Complex-Ion Equilibria

http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/ch18/solubleframe.html

Excellent tutorial review on solubility, solubility constant, common ions and complex ions, and combined equilibria from Purdue University. Includes practice problems with answers. Topics are separated by links for easy access to specific ones of interest.

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31 Identification of Silver, Lead, and Mercurous Ions

Laboratory Tests

http://library.thinkquest.org/2923/tests.html

This is a list of some qualitative laboratory tests that can be used to identify unknowns in lab. These are simple tests
leading to the identification of a few anions and cations and some common gases. Also included here is flame test information for selected cations.

INORGANIC QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS

http://www.users.globalnet.co.uk/~freya01/inorg.htm

A text-based summary of important procedures and tests in doing inorganic qualitative analysis.

Criteria for Precipitation or Dissolution

http://www.science.ubc.ca/~chem/tutorials/pH/index.html

This tutorial describes how to predict if a precipitate will form when two solutions are mixed with their respective Ksp values given. .
To do:
Read this page to review your knowledge about solubility. Take the quiz and answer the 9 questions. The quiz can be accessed by clicking on the notebook icon at the very bottom of the page on the left-hand side. Clicking on this icon will open up a new window for the quiz page. To go back to the text page, click on the other notebook icon on the quiz page. Turn in your answers to the quiz questions to your instructor.

Safe Drinking Water Health Fact Sheets - Mercury

http://www.epa.gov/OGWDW/hfacts.html

These fact sheets are about chemicals that may be found in some public or private drinking water supplies. These chemicals may cause health problems if found in amounts greater than the health standard set by the U. S. EPA.
To do:
Using the technical fact sheet, find out the following information about mercury:
a) the acute and chronic health effects
b) major industrial uses of mercury
c) natural sources of mercury
d) anthropogenic sources of mercury
e) how inorganic mercury is converted to organic mercury
f) what forms volatile mercury takes in the atmosphere

Safe Drinking Water Health Fact Sheets - Lead

http://www.epa.gov/OGWDW/hfacts.html

These fact sheets are about chemicals that may be found in some public or private drinking water supplies. These chemicals may cause health problems if found in amounts greater than the health standard set by the U. S. EPA.
To do:
Using the technical fact sheet, find out the following information about lead:
a) the acute and chronic health effects
b)sources of lead contamination in water
c)methods of removing lead from water
d)the stable forms of lead in oxidizing and reduced systems
Explain what "corrosive" water means.
Write a chemical equation for "Metallic lead is attacked by pure water in the presence of oxygen..."

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32 Idenitification of Ferric , Aluminum, and Zinc Ions

INORGANIC QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS

http://www.users.globalnet.co.uk/~freya01/inorg.htm

A text-based summary of important procedures and tests in doing inorganic qualitative analysis.

Laboratory Tests

http://library.thinkquest.org/2923/tests.html

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33 Identification of Alkaline Earth and Alkali Metal Ions

Laboratory Tests

http://library.thinkquest.org/2923/tests.html

INORGANIC QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS

http://www.users.globalnet.co.uk/~freya01/inorg.htm

A text-based summary of important procedures and tests in doing inorganic qualitative analysis.

Main Group Metals

http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/ch9/activityframe.html

Excellent review tutorial on the Main Group Metals (IA, IIA, IIIA, and IVA) and their reactivities from Purdue University. Includes practice problems.

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34 The Qualitative Analysis of Some Common Anions

INORGANIC QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS

http://www.users.globalnet.co.uk/~freya01/inorg.htm

A text-based summary of important procedures and tests in doing inorganic qualitative analysis.

Laboratory Tests

http://library.thinkquest.org/2923/tests.html

This is a list of some qualitative laboratory tests that can be used to identify unknowns in the lab. These are simple tests
leading to the identification of a few anions and cations and some common gases. Also included here is flame test information for selected cations.

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35 Qualitative Analysis of Unlabeled Solutions: The N-Solution Problem

INORGANIC QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS

http://www.users.globalnet.co.uk/~freya01/inorg.htm

A text-based summary of important procedures and tests in doing inorganic qualitative analysis.

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37 Oxidation-Reduction: Electron Transfer Reactions

Internet Chemistry on Oxidation/Reduction

http://naio.kcc.hawaii.edu/chemistry/redox_title.html

A text-based tutorial with some schematic illustrations dedicated to the concepts of oxidation/reduction. It consists of 4 parts:
Part 1 Basic Concepts, Part 2 Extended Concepts, Part 3 Exercises, and Part 4 Everyday Examples.
To do:
Do all of the 9 short exercises (Part 3) and turn in your answers to your instructor.

Redox Reactions

http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/ch9/redoxframe.html

Text-based tutorial on oxidation and reduction with some practice problems. Topics are separated by links for easy access to specific ones of interest.
To do -Answer the following questions:
What governs the "true" charge of an atom in a compound? How does this differ from the definition of its oxidation state?
Why do metals in Groups IA and IIA have oxidation states that are close enough to their true charges but metals from Groups IIIA and IVA do not?

University Chemistry: Electrochemical Terms and Concepts: Oxidation and reduction

http://www.chem.ualberta.ca/courses/plambeck/p102/p02072.htm

Another introductory but shorter text-based page on oxidation and reduction concepts.

Notes: Chemistry - Chemical Redox Reactions

http://www.pascalpress.com.au/chredoxr.shtml

Text tutorial on chemical redox reactions by John Bullivant, Sydney University.

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/ch19/1_frame.html

Excellent review tutorial on oxidation and reduction reaction including a history of the discovery of these two processes. Topics are separated by links for easy access to specific ones of interest. Form Purdue University.

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38 Redox Titrations - The Oxidation Capacity of a Household Cleanser or Liquid Bleach

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

http://ull.chemistry.uakron.edu/genchem/11/

This is a section of a web-based publication of the General Chemistry textbook by Umland and Bellama which uses slides and animations to present key concepts in general chemistry. This section has a total of about 34 slides.
To do:
Using the topics on the left-hand side, find out the two oxidizing titrants that can be used to titrate the amount of iron in ore. According to the text, what is the first step in titrating the ore to determine the iron content? How can this be done? What is a primary standard? Why do you not need an indicator for one of the oxidizing titrants?

Internet Chemistry on Oxidation/Reduction

http://naio.kcc.hawaii.edu/chemistry/redox_title.html

A text-based tutorial with some schematic illustrations dedicated to the concepts of oxidation/reduction. It consists of 4 parts:
Part 1 Basic Concepts, Part 2 Extended Concepts, Part 3 Exercises, and Part 4 Everyday Examples
To do:
Under Part 4 Everyday Examples, click on Bleaching Agents to learn about the oxidizing action of bleach. Explain the decolorizing action of bleach using both narrative and chemical equations. In addition, choose three other examples and explain the oxidation/reduction concepts behind these applications.

CHLORINE CHEMISTRY COUNCILÆ -- Chlorine Disinfects: A Sanitary History Of Household Bleach

http://www.c3.org/library/070397bleach.html

An article from the industry association Chlorine Chemistry Council on the the history of sanitation and the use of bleach.

The Clorox Company | Science

http://www.clorox.com/science/

A section of the Clorox Company website that features an informational page for consumers on what bleach is and how it works, the bleach cycle, the factory manufacturing of bleach, etc.

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39 Electrochemical Cells

The Drive to Make Things Happen - Redox Reactions and Electrochemical Cells

http://www.chem.ox.ac.uk/vrchemistry/potential/Text/redox1.htm

The following teaching material is based on an extract from the book "Chemistry, Matter, And The Universe" by Richard E. Dickerson and Irving Geis. You should use Netscape Communicator or Internet Explorer versions 4.0 or above in order to view these web pages. The plug-in Shockwave is required to view the multimedia animations in the web pages. This is a self-guided web-based text chapter on "The Drive to Make Things Happen: Chemical and Electrical Potential" containing text, illustrations, and some animations. At the bottom of the page is a bar that says "Online Multimedia Links" with an arrow next to it. Clicking on the arrow will allow you to view and jump to the specific topics in the chapter. In the upper right corner of the page, there is an arrow that allows you to navigate the chapter page by page. For this lab, you will look at 3 sections constituting about 20 pages of fun reading. Click on the arrow next to the bar to look at the list with the following sections:

Redox Reactions and Electrochemical, Potential, Addition of Cell Reactions, and Half Reactions and Reduction Potentials. These sections run from page 24 to page 43.
To do:
Explain why the formation of water from its constituent elements is a redox reaction. What is reduced and what is oxidized?
Explain what happens when a zinc rod is immersed in copper sulfate solution.
Why is a porous barrier or a salt bridge between the two conducting solutions and electrodes unnecesarry in a Daniel gravity cell?

Batteries

http://www.chem.orst.edu/ch411/scbatt.htm

A text-based tutorial on the chemistry of batteries with links to other basic chemistry topics. From the Oregon State University Department of Chemistry.

Electrochemistry

http://www.tannerm.com/electrochemistry/electrochem.htm

This is a comprehensive tutorial on electrochemistry with some advanced concepts.

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40 Electrochemical Puzzles: The Golden Penny Experiment

Electrolysis of Water

http://www.chem.uiuc.edu/demos/elec.html

This is a text and picture demonstration of the electrolysis of water.
To do - answer the following:
Why is the electrolysis of water considered a redox reaction? Answer using both narrrative and chemical equations.
Summarize how water can be separated into its constituent elements using electricity. By looking at the amounts of gas produced, how can you tell which one is the hydrogen gas and which one is the oxygen gas?

Electrochemistry-Concepts to Check

http://edie.cprost.sfu.ca/~rhlogan/electchm.html

Text-based tutorials on electrochemistry.

The Drive to Make Things Happen - Cells and Batteries

http://www.chem.ox.ac.uk/vrchemistry/potential/Text/dry1.htm

The following teaching material is based on an extract from the book "Chemistry, Matter, And The Universe" by Richard E. Dickerson and Irving Geis. You should use Netscape Communicator or Internet Explorer versions 4.0 or above in order to view these web pages. The plug-in Shockwave is required to view the multimedia animations in the web pages. This is a self-guided web-based text chapter on "The Drive to Make Things Happen: Chemical and Electrical Potential" containing text, illustrations, and some animations. At the bottom of the page is a bar that says "Online Multimedia Links" with an arrow next to it. Clicking on the arrow will allow you to view and jump to the specific topics in the chapter. In the upper right corner of the page, there is an arrow that allows you to navigate the chapter page by page. For this lab, you will look at 6 sections constituting about 13 pages of fun reading. Click on the arrow next to the bar to look at the list with the following sections:

Dry Cell, The Lead Storage Battery, Electrolysis Cells, Faraday's Law of Electrolysis, Redox Gone Astray - Corrosion, and Summary.
To do:
Explain how the lead storage battery can be rechargeable unlike the dry cell. What are the anode and cathode made of in a lead storage battery? What are the half-reactions and the overall cell reaction? How can you obtain 6-12 V using this type of battery? How can you prevent aluminum and iron frombeing completely corroded or oxidized? What is the advantage of zinc over tin in protecting iron from corrosion?

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41 The Chemistry of Some Nonmetals

On Nitrogen

http://www.cems.umn.edu/~aiche_ug/history/h_s_n2.html

This is a text-based site about nitrogen, some of its important chemistry, how nitrogen cycles through the environment, and a brief history of the production of nitrogen-containing compounds in the United States.

To do:
Examine the section on the Nitrogen cycle in the environment and research the chemical equations involved in the different stages.
List the important nitrogen compounds discussed in the article.

WebElements periodic table of the elements - the periodic table on the World-Wide Web

http://www.webelements.com/webelements/index.html

To do:
Use the periodic table to find out how pure nitrogen can be isolated on a massive scale. Give two reactions that can be used to produce pure nitrogen. Search the web to explain what the "Haber" process is.

CHLORINE CHEMISTRY COUNCILÆ -- Chlorine Disinfects: CHLORINE CHEMISTRY COUNCIL

http://www.c3.org/

Established in 1993, the Chlorine Chemistry CouncilÆ (CCC), comprised of chlorine and chlorinated product manufacturers, is a
business council of the Chemical Manufacturers Association. CCC strives to achieve policies that promote the continuing, responsible uses of chlorine and chlorine-based products.

Safe Drinking Water Health Fact Sheets

http://www.epa.gov/OGWDW/hfacts.html

These fact sheets are about chemicals that may be found in some public or private drinking water supplies. These chemicals may cause health problems if found in amounts greater than the health standard set by the U. S. EPA.
To do:
Search for 1 regulated chemical compound each that contains nitrogen, sulfur, and chlorine (a total of 3) and record the following information:
a) acute and health effects
b) major natural and anthropogenic sources and uses
c) narrative description and/or chemical equations for its important water chemistry.

Making a Silk Purse Out of a Sow's Ear: Making Sulfuric Acid Out of Sulfur Dioxide

http://innovations.copper.org/how/howdo4.htm

This presents an article on how sulfur dioxide, a by-product of the copper smelting process, is converted into sulfuric acid. From the copper.org website.
To do:
Explain why and how SO2 is removed from gas emissions in copper smelting and other chemical industrial processes.

The Chemistry of Nonmetals

http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/ch10/10_frame.html

Excellent review material for the chemistry of nonmetals from Purdue University. Includes practice problems. Topics are separated by links for easy access to specific ones of interest.

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42 Equilibria of Coordination Compounds

Coordination Chemistry

http://wwwchem.uwimona.edu.jm:1104/courses/IC10Kcn.html

Brief notes on coordination numbers and geometry with examples and graphical representations of the sample coordination compounds.

To do:
List the different possible shapes for compounds that have coordination numbers 2, 3, 4, and 5. Give an example for each shape and draw the molecules.

Coordination Compounds Help Page

http://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/cchem/whatis2.html

Needs Chime plug-in. This is a virtual tutorial on coordination compunds that includes basic and more advanced concepts. This tutorial employs Chime to view the three dimensionality of the compounds discussed. On the left panel are frames containing the links to the topics and the glossary. Clicking on a topic will allow you to view the tutorial page on the main right panel. To learn more about how to rotate the molecules and use Chime, click on the link Using Chime on the left panel.
To do:
Use the links to navigate throught the tutorial and answer the following questions:
What is a coordination compound?
a) Give two examples of a coordination compound including a drawing of the molecule, the chemical formula, and identifying the Lewis base or ligand, the Lewis acid, the donor atom, and the coordination number.
b) What is a monodentate ligand? Give an example.
c) What complex ion is used to inhibit the growth of fungi and bacteria in waterbeds? Draw the ion and give its chemical name and formula and molecular shape.
d) What is EDTA used for ? What kind of ligand is it? Illustrate how EDTA binds an ion by drawing before and after structures.
e) Using Lewis acid-base terminology, describe how transition metal salts form complexes in aqueous solutions.
f) What happens when SCN- is added to an aqueous solution containing Fe(NO3)3?
g) Using the molecular library on the left panel, draw and give the chemical formula and name for the following complex ions:
hydrated copper, ammonia and copper, zinc and ammonia, and a chloride complex ion.

Solubility and Complex-Ion Equilibria

http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/ch18/solubleframe.html

Excellent review tutorial on solubility, solubility product, common ions and complex ions, and combined equilibria from Purdue University. Includes practice problems with answers. Specific topics are easily accessed through individual links.

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44 Nitrogen Oxides and Acid Rain

A Primer on Acid Rain from Queen's University; http://qlink.queensu.ca/~4lrm4/table.htm; Discusses the causes and effects of acid rain using text and illustrations. Includes a discussion of the gas phase and aqueous phase formation of acids in the atmosphere.
To do:
Discuss the chemistry involved in the formation of acids in the atmosphere using narrative and chemical equations to illustrate the sequence of events.
: Chapter 6 - Neutralizing the Threat of Acid Rain; http://mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/cic/sr/text6.htm; This site contains a set of 3 web-based exercises.; To do:
Complete all 3 exercises and turn in the results to your instructor.; Acid Rain Sourcebook: U.S. EPA Student Center; http://www.epa.gov/students/acid_rain_sourcebook_us.htm; This is the web site for the Acid Rain Program by the Environmental Protection Agency aimed at reducing the amount of chemical emissions that cause acid rain.; To do - Navigate through the site to answer the following questions (the Overview section is a good place to start):; What are the goals of the Title IV Clean Air Act in terms of SO2 and NOx emissions?; What are the largest sources of SO2 and NOx?; Explain the allowance trading or allowance system allowed in compliance with the SO2 and NOx programs as part of the Acid Rain Program.; Acid Rain; http://wunmr.wustl.edu/EduDev/LabTutorials/Water/FreshWater/acidrain.html; This a lab tutorial on an Inorganic Reactions Experiment on Acid Rain from Washington University. It gives a comparison of the natural acidity of rainwater versus that of polluted rainwater and explains the chemistry of acid rain and its environmental effects.; To do:; Answer the 8 questions given in this lab tutorial.; Nitrous Oxides Emissions; http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/gg97rpt/chap4.html; A Department of Energy fact page on nitrous oxide emissions in the United States. Provides an overview as well as information on various sources of nitrous oxide emission through energy use, agriculture, and industrial processes.; Chemistry of Atmospheric Pollutants; http://www.aeat.co.uk/netcen/airqual/kinetics/#nox; A page of information describing the major chemical pollutants that cause atmospheric pollution. Published by the National Environmental Technology Centre in the U.K.

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Atomic Force Microscopy

MIJ-NSR Vol. 3, Art. 3, H. Marchand et al.

University of Bristol Scanning Probe Microscopy

Atomic Force Microscopy

The Atomic Force Microscope

Atomic Force Microscopy

Atomic Force Microscopy Student Module

Tribology & Surface Interface Analysis Capability

Chapter One "SPM Techniques"

Introduction to Atomic Force Microscopy

How AFM works

SPM Images of Vanadium Oxides

SPM Images of Molybdenum Oxides

Home: INVSEE homeVISUALIZATION2 image map page

Digital Instruments: NanoTheater Entrance

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