CHEM 120 Lab Websites

Web Sites for Laboratory Experiments for CHEM 120 - First Semester General Chemistry
Dr. Joseph Ledbetter - Contra Costa College: INDEX; Supplementary Web Exercises; 1 Scientific Measurements; 2 Mass and Volume Relationships; 3 Separation of Food Dyes; 4 Observing the Reactions of Household Chemicals; 5 A Cycle of Copper Reactions; 6 Synthesis of a Chemical Compound; 7 The Chemistry of Oxygen - Basic and Acidic Oxides and the Periodic Table; 8 Determination of a Chemical Formula-The Reaction of Iodine with Zinc; 9 Determination of a Chemical Formula by Titration - The Reaction of Calcium with Water; A The Language of Chemistry; 10 The Estimation of Avogadro's Number; 11 The Molar Volume of Dioxygen and Other Gases; 12 The Molar Mass of a Gas; 13 The Reactivity of Metals with Hydrochloric Acid; 15 Enthalpy Changes in Chemical Reactions - Hess's Law; 16 The Enthalpy of Combustion of a Vegetable Oil; 17 Emission Spectra and the Elec. Struc. of Atoms - The Hydrogen Atom Spectrum; 18 Ionic Bonds and Compounds - Conductivity of Solutions of Ionic and Covalent Compounds; B Writing Lewis Structures; 19 Models of Molecular Shapes; Aspirin Synthesis; 20 Intermolecular Forces - Slime Gel; 21 Liquids and Solids / Vapor Pressure; 22 Colligative Properties

http://jchemed.chem.wisc.edu/Journal/Search/index.html

Search site for searching abstracts of articles in the Journal of Chemical Education.

Evaluating Web Sites

http://mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/cic/sr/evaluate.htm

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1 Scientific Measurements

General Chemistry Online: Companion Notes: Measurement

http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/measurement/index.shtml

A useful site to peruse containing self-guided tutorials (slides and notes), quizzes, and drills on specific topics.

To do:
Take the significant figures quiz (at least one, there are several) and submit your answers and your score to your instructor.

Uncertainty in Measurements

http://antoine.fsu.umd.edu/cgi-bin/senese/tutorials/sigfig/index.cgi

This tutorial on uncertainty in measurement contains a set of questions with answers on: how uncertainty arises from length, temperature, volume measurements. how to count significant figures for a single measurement and for a series of measurements, how to round measurements to the correct number of significant figures, etc.

To do:
Write down the 11 questions and your answers. For each incorrect answer, you are given an alternative question which you have to answer correctly in order to move on to the next question. These do not count toward the eleven questions you must note down. Good luck!

Math Resources for General Chemistry

http://learn.chem.vt.edu/user/long/chemath/chemath.html

This is an extensive site for math resources for use by first year students of General Chemistry. These tutorials include sections on calculator skills and basic math skills, math information resources for stoichiometry, chemical equilibrium, chemical kinetics, solutions, electrochemistry, etc. By Dr. Gary Long of the Department of Chemistry at Virginia Tech.

To do:
Click on Self-test for Math Skills. Take the self-test for math skills and follow the instructions given. In addition, record the number of correct answers and the comment on how your math skills rate.

**Basic Math Table Of Contents

http://edie.cprost.sfu.ca/~rhlogan/basicmth.html

A text-based tutorial on scientific notation, significant digits, metric system, experimentation, graphing, algebraic method, logs, etc.

National Institute of Standards and Technology

http://www.nist.gov/

This is the website of a government agency that is involved in technology, measurement, and standards.

To do:
Navigate through the website and answer the following:
1) When was the agency established and what is its purpose?
2) What is the annual budget of NIST?
3) What kind of work and services does it provide and support?
4) Find 5 or more useful things or information that this website provides for a chemistry student like you.
5) Find out what role/s NIST play in your house. Click on "About NIST" and then go to "NIST in your house". Report one service that is provided by NIST that affects you.

The Chemistry Hypermedia Project: Data Handling

http://www.chemistry.vt.edu/chem-ed/data/data.html

A short introduction on data handling in scientific measurements. Important terms are hyperlinked for definitions and explanation. To access the Chemistry Hypermedia home page, go to http://www.chemistry.vt.edu/chem-ed/index.html.

Data Analysis and Lab Reports

http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/lab/datareports/index.html

Purdue University site with tutorial on "Making a Graph on Graph Paper" and Using Excel to Analyze Data".

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2 Mass and Volume Relationships

DENSITY BY METTLER-TOLEDO

http://www.density.com/what.htm

This page gives a brief discussion of density, its definitions, and methods of measuring it. From the Mettler-Toledo International, Inc. website.

To do - answer the following questions:
What is specific gravity?
What is the density of water at 20 degrees Celsius?
Give the four methods of measuring density discussed in the website.

Volume, Mass, and Density

http://cwis.nyu.edu/pages/mathmol/modules/water/density_intro.html

Demonstration on volume, mass, and density with graphic animations and questions.

To do: Answer the following-
What is the volume of the cube (in cubic cm.) that was lowered into the graduated cylinder?
What was the amount of water displaced by the object?
What are some reasons to account for the small differences in using the two methods to calculate volume?
What the density of the cube?
What is the mass of the volume of water displaced?

A concise reference to the Metric System (SI)

http://subnet.virtual-pc.com/ba424872/Metric.html#physical

In addition to the tables of prefixes and derived units, this page includes a brief history of the SI system and the physical basis for the base units. It also includes tips on correct usage of the SI (e. g. a billion in the US is not the same as a billion in the UK!). You have to scroll down to see all the information.

To do - answer the following questions:
When the SI system was conceived in 1790 by the French Academy of Science, what are the three principles that were required for this new system of units?
What are the seven base units of the SI system?

National Institute of Standards and Technology

http://www.nist.gov/

NIST, a government agency, has several departments that are involved with research and provide different services to industry.

To do:
1) Click on the "Measurement and Standard Laboratories Link" and find out what kind of services are provided and what research is done in the Office of Weights and Measures.
2) Click on the picture on top of the page - this will take you to the NIST Image Gallery. Click on any part of the picture and find out what kind of scientific measurements and standards research are provided by the NIST. List at least 3 or more.

**PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS

http://www.abe.msstate.edu/classes/abe3813/physicalcharacteristics/densityporosity/slide1.html

Slides of different physical characteristics with a set of problems.

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3 Separation of Food Dyes

The Chemistry Hypermedia Project: Chromatography Introduction

http://www.chemistry.vt.edu/chem-ed/sep/chromato.html

This page gives a brief discussion of concepts and instrumentation related to analytical chemistry with figures and hyperlinks for term definitions that direct you to other sections of this online encyclopedia. Includes pictures of instrument. Browser must support JAVA script to view some of the clickable features. To access the Chemistry Hypermedia home page, go to http://www.chemistry.vt.edu/chem-ed/index.html.

The Chemistry Hypermedia Project: Chromatography Theory

http://www.chemistry.vt.edu/chem-ed/sep/theory/chrom-th.html

Text-based explanation of the theory behind chromatography. From the Chemistry Hypermedia Project online encyclopedia.

The Chemistry Hypermedia Project: Gas Chromatography

http://www.chemistry.vt.edu/chem-ed/sep/gc/gc.html

From the Chemistry Hypermedia Project online encyclopedia.

To do - answer the following:
What is gas chromatography? Explain how this technique is accomplished. What property of the substance is used to apply this technique? What are the two important components of this separation technique?

The Chemistry Hypermedia Project: Introduction to Mass Spectrometry

http://www.chemistry.vt.edu/chem-ed/ms/ms-intro.html

From the Chemistry Hypermedia Project online encyclopedia.

To do:
Explain what a mass spectrometer is. What is it useful for?

The Chemistry Hypermedia Project: Liquid Chromatography

http://www.chemistry.vt.edu/chem-ed/sep/lc/lc.html

From the Chemistry Hypermedia Project online encyclopedia.

To do - answer the following:
What is liquid chromatography used for?
How is this separation technique accomplished?

General Chemistry Online: The Poisoned Needle

http://antoine.fsu.umd.edu/chem/senese/101/features/domoic.shtml

How techniques for separating mixtures helped solve a deadly mystery. This is an account of a deadly food poisoning incident that affected birds and humans. Alfred Hitchcock, the famed director of many suspense movies, based his movie "The Birds" on a strange occurence involving hundreds of crazed birds attacking residents of the seaside town of Capitola in California in 1961. The culprit was later traced to a toxin identified through a series of separation techniques described in this interesting account which reads like an investigative report. The definitions for some unfamiliar terms can be accessed by clicking on hyperlinked words.

To do:
After reading this selection, answer the following questions:
What is the purpose for using a control sample?
How was green plankton associated with the origins of the toxin? How were the presence of phytoplankton pigments detected?
Describe the other technique used on the last sample fraction in conjunction with the HPLC technique.
What technique was used to determine the molecular weight and formula of the suspect toxin?
Draw the isolated toxin and its physiological analogue.
What is an excitotoxin? What makes domoic acid a much more toxic excitotoxin than its natural analogue in the brain, glutamic acid?

FDA and Color Additives

http://www.fda.gov/opacom/backgrounders/coloradd.html

Background information on regulation of food dyes and color additives, especially the banning of Red Dye #3.

Photosynthetic Molecules Page

http://www.nyu.edu/pages/mathmol/library/photo/

Molecular visualization of some photosynthetic molecules including carotene and chlorophyll. Each molecule can be visualized in gif, vrml, and pdb forms. For these visualizations, your computer needs vrml and chime plug-ins. The simplest view is the gif form. The pdb form is a line depiction of the molecules - the chime plug-in allows you to rotate the molecule by holding down the left button of your mouse and moving the arrow around to rotate the molecule. To access any one of the files, just click on the link.

Chemical of the Week -- The Chemistry of Autumn Colors

http://scifun.chem.wisc.edu/chemweek/fallcolr/fallcolr.html

This is a short article on the chemistry associated with foliage colorations. With text and chemical equations. From Prof. Shakhashiri's Science is Fun website (University of Wisconsin) which has link for a weekly fact sheet about a chemical or type of chemical to provide General Chemistry students the knowledge about chemicals, their production, cost, and uses.

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4 Observing the Reactions of Household Chemicals

General Chemistry Online: Home Companion: Chemical change: 10 signs of change

http://antoine.fsu.umd.edu/chem/senese/101/reactions/symptoms.shtml

This list is a page from an extensive chemistry help and tutorial site - General Chemistry Online!- created by Fred Senese from the Department of Chemistry at Frostburg State University.

Molecular Animation of the Formation of Ozone

http://www.eclipse.net/~pankuch/Ozone2.dcr

This animation page requires a Shockwave Macromedia Director. It shows a molecular simulation of the reaction of oxygen molecules to form ozone.
To do - answer the following questions:
What is the first step in this reaction and what initiates it? What is the role of the "M" particle in the formation of ozone? What molecules can play the role of "M"?

Reactions of Hydrogen and Sodium with Oxygen in Air

http://www.whfreeman.com/gchem/con_index.htm?01

Requires QuickTime plug-in. This is a video presentation from the Jones and Atkins General Chemistry Text on the web. Please be advised that, depending on the speed of your modem, downloading these clips will take some time due to their size.
To do:
Click on "Animations and Videos" on the left-hand side. On the frame on the right, the following links should appear:
Properties of Hydrogen
Properties of Sodium
Clicking on either one of this will download a fairly large video file that requires a quicktime plug-in. Downloading may take 5-10 minutes or longer depending on your modem and preocessor speeds. Be patient. View both videos and describe in words the reactions that occur. Write the equations for the reactions. Turn in your answers as part of the pre-lab exercises.

A Citizen's Guide to Protecting Our Coasts - Page 1

http://www.yoto98.noaa.gov/books/clncoast/clean.htm

This is a page from the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). According to their website, "NOAA warns of dangerous weather, charts our seas and skies, guides our use and protection of ocean and coastal resources, and conducts research to improve our understanding and stewardship of the environment which sustains us all."

To do:
On this page is the beginning of a book published by the NOAA. Click on the forward flying bird to take you to the next page. Turn the pages until you get to the table of content then click on the link to Household Chemicals. Read through the page and answer the following:
1) What three things do they recommend when buying household chemicals?
2) What household chemicals when mixed produce chloramine gas?
Go back to the table of contents by clicking on the back flying bird button. Go to the appendix. List three household chemicals and the recommended less toxic allternatives.

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5 A Cycle of Copper Reactions

WebElements periodic table of the elements - the periodic table on the World-Wide Web

http://www.webelements.com/

This is a web-based periodic table with clickable elements.
To do:
Click on the symbol for copper to find out:
a) the properties of pure copper
b) how pure copper is obtained in nature
c) the density of pure copper
d) its uses

Chemical Reactions

http://www.pc.chemie.uni-siegen.de/pci/versuche/english/versuche.html

This page contains a number of experiments that took place in the first semester general chemistry laboratory course at the University of Siegen, Germany. They were photographed and/or filmed to give current students as well as other people interested the possibility to glimpse an introductory chemistry class outside of lecture. In addition, a short description of the theory has been added.
To do:
For each chemical reaction, write down the pertinent balanced chemical equations and report your observations based on the pictures or the movies. Use the 10 Signs of Chemical Change listed at http://antoine.fsu.umd.edu/chem/senese/101/reactions/symptoms.shtml as a guide.

The Copper Page

http://www.copper.org/

This is the copper information website created by the trade association of worldwide copper and brass industries. It contains information about copper application areas, standards and properties, market data, copper in the environment, innovations in the industry, etc.
To do:
1) Copper sulfate is an important industrial chemical used in a variety of ways. List some of these uses. What other copper compounds have indusrial uses? List all of them including their chemical formulas. Describe the source or production and uses of at least three of these copper compunds. Hint: To find this information, look in the application areas.
2) What are the contents of a copper mineral ore and what are their percentages? How is pure copper extracted from copper oxide ore? Hint: Look under innovations to search for the information.

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6 Synthesis of a Chemical Compound

WebElements periodic table of the elements - the periodic table on the World-Wide Web

http://www.webelements.com/

A web-based periodic table with clickable elements.
To do:
Click on the symbol for Aluminum to find out:
a) the properties of pure aluminum
b) how pure aluminum is obtained in nature
c) the density of pure aluminum
d) its uses

Aluminum Association - Home Page

http://www.aluminum.org/index.cfm

This is the webpage of the Aluminum Association, the trade association for U.S. producers of primary, recycled, and semi-fabricated aluminum. This association basically advocates for the industrial use of aluminum. Find out what they say about themselves by navigating through the website.
To do:
Using this site, find out the following (Hint: From the home page, click on Metal Urgent Markets. Navigate through the resulting pages using the menu list on the left and the menu bar at the bottom of the page to find the information):
a) how much of the total aluminum cans used in the United States is recycled
b) how much energy is saved by recycling aluminum compared to extracting it from bauxite ore.
c) what the current markets are for aluminum

sweetwater technology alum and algae control

http://www.aitkin.com/sweetwater/alum.htm

A short text description of how alum is used to control algae. From the Sweetwater Techmology Corporation.
To do:
Explain the technology of using alum or aluminum sulfate to control the algae population. What drives the overgrowth of algae and why is there a need to control this?

Chemical of the Week -- Aluminum

http://scifun.chem.wisc.edu/chemweek/Aluminum/ALUMINUM.html

This is a short article on aluminum with text and chemical equations. From Prof. Shakhashiri Science is Fun website which has link for a weekly fact sheet about a chemical or type of chemical to provide General Chemistry students knowledge about chemicals, their production, cost, and uses.

Galery 1, potassium alum 1

http://www.crystalgrowing.com/xx_galer.y/alum_1.htm

Picture of a crystal of potassium alum.

The Chemistry and Processing of Jamaican Bauxite

http://wwwchem.uwimona.edu.jm:1104/lectures/bauxite.html

This is a description of the processing of Jamaican bauxite and the chemistry involved in extracting pure aluminum from the chemistry website created by Dr. Robert Lancashire from the Univeristy of the West Indies in Jamaica. It contains text and illustrations describing the mining of bauxite, the manufacture of alumina, and links to related sites.

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7 The Chemistry of Oxygen - Basic and Acidic Oxides and the Periodic Table

WebElements periodic table of the elements - the periodic table on the World-Wide Web

http://www.webelements.com/

A web-based periodic table with clickable elements.
To do:
Click on the symbol for oxygen to find out:
a) the properties of oxygen
b) how pure oxygen can be obtained
c )its biological role
d) the hazards and risks associated with oxygen and its allotrope

Reaction of Magnesium and Oxygen

http://www.whfreeman.com/gchem/con_index.htm?02

This is a video presentation from the Jones and Atkins General Chemistry Text on the web. Please be advised that, depending on the speed of your modem, downloading these clips will take some time due to their size.
To do:
Click on "Animations and Videos" on the left-hand side. On the frame on the right, the following links should appear: Reaction of Magnessium and Oxygen. Clicking on this link will download a fairly large video file that requires a quicktime plug-in. Downloading may take 5-10 minutes or longer depending on your modem and processor speeds. Be patient. View the and describe in words the reaction that occurs. Write the equation for the reaction. Turn in your answers as part of the pre-lab exercises.

Chemical of the Week -- Ozone

http://scifun.chem.wisc.edu/chemweek/ozone/ozone.html

This is a short article on ozone with text and chemical equations. From Prof. Shakhashiri Science is Fun website which has link for a weekly fact sheet about a chemical or type of chemical to provide General Chemistry students knowledge about chemicals, their production, cost, and uses.
To do - answer the following questions:
a) How is ozone produced in the lower atmosphere? Use narrative and chemical equations.
b) How is ozone produced in the upper atmosphere?
c) How is ozone useful in the upper atmosphere and why is it a harmful pollutant in the lower atmosphere?
d) How do chlorofluorocarbons contribute to the depletion of ozone in the stratosphere?

Activity Series of Metals

http://www.chem.vt.edu/RVGS/ACT/notes/activity_series.html

This is a brief but useful guideline listing the activity series of metals and their reactivity toward water and oxygen. It is useful for predicting the outcomes of replacement reactions and other reactions.

Ozone Layer

http://www.nas.nasa.gov/Services/Education/Resources/TeacherWork/Ozone/Ozone.layer.html

More on ozone from the NASA site. With figures and text.

Oxygen

http://nobel.scas.bcit.bc.ca/resource/ptable/o.htm

Another information page for oxygen with clickable links to other information.

Oxides 2

http://www.minerals.net/mineral/sort-met.hod/group/oxide.htm

This page shows some of the common mineral oxides.

Main Group Metals

http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/ch9/activityframe.html

Excellent review tutorial on the Main Group Metals (IA, IIA, IIIA, and IVA) and their reactivities with water, oxygen, and other substances. From Purdue University. Includes practice problems.

SPM Images of Vanadium Oxides

http://neon.mems.cmu.edu/rohrer/vana.html

This page shows scanning probe microscopy pictures of surfaces of vanadium oxides. Scanning probe microscopy (SPM) is an imaging technique that allows atomic-scale resolution of surfaces. Two examples of SPM are Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy (STM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). Find out more about these two techniques at http://www.chemistry.vt.edu/chem-ed/imaging/stm.html.

SPM Images of Molybdenum Oxides

http://neon.mems.cmu.edu/rohrer/moly.html

This page shows scanning probe microscopy pictures of surfaces of molybdenum oxides. Scanning probe microscopy (SPM) is an imaging technique that allows atomic-scale resolution of surfaces. Two examples of SPM are Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy (STM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). Find out more about these two techniques at http://www.chemistry.vt.edu/chem-ed/imaging/stm.html.

Digitalfire Oxides Database

http://www.ceramicsearch.com/oxide/

Oxides are the building blocks of fired glazes. Each oxide in a glaze imposes its properties in proportion to the amount present and in relation to specific interactions it has with other oxides present. It is possible to predict fired properties like expansion, color, gloss, melt behavior etc. of a mix of materials by calculating what chemistry the final glass will have. This chemistry is expressed as an analysis or a formula. The information presented here is intended to help you build a knowledge of the oxides and develop the interpretation skills needed to control glaze properties that relate fully or partly to the chemistry of the melt.

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8 Determination of a Chemical Formula-The Reaction of Iodine with Zinc

Foundations to Chemistry - Chapter 11 - adapted from "Chemistry, Matter and the Universe"

http://www.chem.ox.ac.uk/vrchemistry/Conservation/page01.htm

Stoichiometry

http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/ch3/massmolframe.html

Excellent comprehensive review tutorial on stoichiometry. Includes practice problems with answers. Specific topics of interest are easily accessed by separate links. From Purdue University.

ChemTeam: Stoichiometry

http://dbhs.wvusd.k12.ca.us/Stoichiometry/Stoichiometry.html

This is a text-based review tutorial on stoichiometry and other related topics. It also includes worked out problems. Each key topic is accessible by clicking on a link.

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9 Determination of a Chemical Formula by Titration - The Reaction of Calcium with Water

Chemical of the Week -- Lime

http://scifun.chem.wisc.edu/chemweek/lime/lime.html

Text with chemcial equations.
List some of the uses of lime as discussed on this webpage. Where did the term limelight come form? Lime is used to extract what important metal?

Main Group Metals

http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/ch9/activityframe.html

Excellent review tutorial on the Main Group Metals (IA, IIA, IIIA, and IVA), their properties, and their reactivities with oxygen, water, and other substances. From Purdue University. Includes practice problems.

The Periodic Table - Relative Reactivity of Metals and the Activity Series

http://www.owlnet.rice.edu/~chem121/lab/periodic1/

This is a text tutorial on the periodic table that includes short discussions of important chemical concepts and the reactivity of metals. Includes a laboratory protocol for a metals lab experiment. From Mary E. R. McHale, Rice University.

Activity Series of Metals

http://www.chem.vt.edu/RVGS/ACT/notes/activity_series.html

Indicators

http://www.ch.ic.ac.uk/aptonge/mdl/indi/.index.html

Chime structures for many other indicators, part of the Virtual Chemistry Library project.

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A The Language of Chemistry

CHEMystery: Reference: Oxidation States for Common Ions

http://library.advanced.org/3659/reference/oxidationstates.html

A list of oxidation states for common ions.

CHEMystery: Reference: Oxidation States for Common Polyatomic Ions

http://library.advanced.org/3659/reference/oxidationstates.html

A list of oxidation states for common polyatomic ions.

Quia! Flashcards - Polyatomic Ions

http://www.quia.com/custom/50flas.html

A set of interactive flashcards useful for reviewing the oxidation states of polyatomic ions. FUN!

Quia! Matching - Polyatomic Ions

http://www.quia.com/custom/50gate.html

An interactive matching game played by matching the name of the polyatomic ion with its oxidation state. FUN!

Quia! Concentration - Polyatomic Ions

http://www.quia.com/custom/50conc.html

An interactive game played by uncovering matching pairs of polyatomic ions and oxidation states. FUN!

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10 The Estimation of Avogadro's Number

Carbon and Avogradro's Number

http://enpc1644.eas.asu.edu/Carbon/tabcont.htm

This site takes you through a wonderful and educational journey through the world of carbon. Some features of this site include informative pages on where carbon is found, its physical properties, images of its crystalline forms, bonds that carbon makes, and a learning guide about Avogadro's number. Use the left panel to navigate through this module.
To do:
On the left panel, click on Avogadro's Number. As you navigate your way through this section by clicking on the links, you will learn about the concept of the mole and Avogadro's number. It also gives a good perspective on the size of this number. As an activity, you will follow the following links and the clues and hints to estimate Avogadro's number:
How big is this number?
Can we estimate its value?
On the page entitled "Determination of Avogradro's number using graphite", follow the links to estimate the value of Avogadro's number. You need to record the steps and calculation that you make as you follow the procedure by clicking on the links. Once you have found an estimate, turn in a clear presentation of your work in estimating Avogadro's number. In addition, answer the following questions:
How long will it take you to travel Avogadro's number of miles if you are travelling on a) a bicycle, b) a car on the freeway, c) on an airplane, and d) at the speed of light?
How does your caclulated value compare to the currently accepted value for Avogadro's Number?
What are some of the methods that scientists have used to estimate this number?
What is the accepted numerical value for Avogadro's number in 1993?
Remember to click on all the links on these pages to find your information.

Lipids Page

http://www.nyu.edu/pages/mathmol/library/lipids/

This page allows you to view molecules in 3-D in 3 different ways. gif is a static picture file of the molecule and does not require any extra plug-ins. VRML is a 3-D visualization file that requires a VRML plug-in. The pdb file can be viewed using a Chime plug-in. The last two renderings can be manipulated by rotation. If you are using Chime, clicking on the left mouse button will give you the options for working with the molecule on the screen (e.g., rotating, changing the rendering, etc.)
To do:
Click on stearic acid, the molecule that you will be using in Lab 10, to view its 3-d shape. Compare palmitic acid with stearic acid. What is different between the two acids?

Introduction to the constants for nonexperts 1900‚1920

http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Constants/historical1.html#e

This is a page from the National Institute of Standards and Technology describing how the elementary charge of an electron was measured. Browse through this page to find out what standard measurement was used to measure Avogadro's constant. Report your answer to yor instructor.

The Mole And Avogadro's Number

http://chemunder.mps.ohio-state.edu/under/microchem/moles/moles.htm

This program provides practice in the interconversion of mass, moles and molecules.
To do:
Take the quiz. Enter your answers using the correct number of significant figures. Turn in your worksheet to the instructor.

Avogadro's Law

http://www.chemistry.co.nz/avogadro.htm

Text-based site explaining Avogadro's law with a link to "Avogadro's home page" presenting the historical Amadeo Avogadro and his contributions to science. What is the modern method used to measure Avogadro's number accurately?

SDSU Summer Science Bridge - Chemistry, Chapter 9

http://www.sci.sdsu.edu/sciences/summer_bridge/coursemats/chemcourse/chapter9.html

A text-based tutorial on Avogadro's number.

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11 The Molar Volume of Dioxygen and Other Gases

Virtual Laboratory: Ideal Gas Law/Pressure Chamber

http://zebu.uoregon.edu/nsf/piston.html

Requires JAVA applet to run. This is an interactive virtual laboratory experiment on the ideal gas law. In this series of virtual experiments, you will control the action of a piston in a pressure chamber which is filled with an ideal gas. Follow the instructions given to perform each experiment.
To do:
Try all three experiments. For the third experiment, answer the questions and submit your answers to your instructor.

JCE Internet: Conceptual Questions and Challenge Problems

http://jchemed.chem.wisc.edu/JCEWWW/Features/CQandChP/LibraryCQ/GasesCQ.html

This is a site for a set of online chemistry questions and problems from the Journal of Chemical Education site.
To do:
Do the questions and the problems and turn in your worksheet to your instructor.

General Chemistry Online: Companion Notes: Gases: Quiz: Empirical gas laws

http://antoine.fsu.umd.edu/chem/senese/101/gases/empirical-gas-law-quiz.shtml

This is a wonderful chemistry site that provides many resources for learning chemistry.
To do:
Do the 5 problems given in this web-based quiz. Turn in your answers to the instructor.
Hints: On the left frame, click on the word "Gases" to access the tutorial page for help in asnwering the problems. Notice, under the Gases link, that you can also make use of a gas law calculator. Also, check out some useful information in identifying data patterns by clicking on the link under Gases. Clicking on the submit button will allow you to see how you did on the quiz and solutions to the problems.

Gases

http://ull.chemistry.uakron.edu/GenChem/05/

This is a section of a web-based publication of the General Chemistry textbook by Umland and Bellama that uses slides and animations to present key concepts in general chemistry. This section has a total of about 34 slides.
To do:
Using the topics on the left-hand side to browse through the slides, explain how real gases are different from ideal gases. When is it most valid to use the ideal gas equation? For real gases, what is the valid equation to use? Explain the difference between diffusion and effusion.

Gases Tutorial

http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/ch4/1frame.html

Excellent review tutorial on gases, properties of gases, gas laws, kinetic molecular theory, and the deviations from ideal gas laws. Includes practice problems with answers. Specific topics of interest are easily accessed by separate links. From Purdue University.

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12 The Molar Mass of a Gas

Chemistry Behind Airbags

http://wunmr.wustl.edu/EduDev/LabTutorials/Airbags/airbags.html

This a text and picture-based (with one short quicktime movie) tutorial experiment on stoichiometry and the gas constant with a discussion of the chemistry and some physics of airbags. It includes pictures, graphs, and 12 questions plus links to some interesting related sites. Some of the key concepts discussed include safety of airbags, chemical reactions to generate the gas to fill an airbag, ideal gas laws, kinetic theory of gases, etc.
To do:
Answer the 12 questions and turn in to your instructor.

Molecular Model for an Ideal Gas

http://didaktik.physik.uni-wuerzburg.de/~pkrahmer/ntnujava/idealGas/idealGas.html

Interactive. Runs on JAVA applet.
This java applet shows a microscopic model for an ideal gas. By changing the values for the different parameters or properties of the gas, you can observe its molecular behavior.

To do:

Try changing the parameters and report your observations on the relationships between:
1.total number of molecules N ---- volume V
2.the pressure of the system P--- volume V
3.the velocity of the molecules v --- volume V

Gases Tutorial

http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/ch4/1frame.html

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13 The Reactivity of Metals with Hydrochloric Acid

4.4.24.1 Reaction of Metals with Hydrochloric Acid

http://www.pc.chemie.uni-siegen.de/pci/versuche/english/v44-24-1.html

Picture demonstrations of the reactions of aluminum, copper, and zinc metals with hydrochloric acid.
To do and answer:
Compare the observed reactivities of the three metals to hydrochloric acid.
Explain the slow reactivity of the aluminum metal compared to zinc.
What is the explanation for the observed reactivity of copper to hydrochloric acid?

4.4.24.2 Reaction of Metals with Nitric Acid

http://www.pc.chemie.uni-siegen.de/pci/versuche/english/v44-24-2.html

Picture demonstrations of the reactions of aluminum, copper, and zinc metals with hydrochloric acid.
To do and answer:
Compare the observed reactivities of the three metals to nitric acid. Give an explanation for the observed reactivities.
Why does nitric acid react with copper but hydrochloric acid does not?

The Periodic Table - Relative Reactivity of Metals and the Activity Series

http://www.owlnet.rice.edu/~chem121/lab/periodic1/

A text tutorial on the periodic table and the reactivity of metals. From Mary E. R. McHale, Rice University.

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15 Enthalpy Changes in Chemical Reactions - Hess's Law

Heat, energy, and chemical bonds

http://www.chem.ox.ac.uk/vrchemistry/energy/default.htm

Refrigeration and Phase Changes

http://wunmr.wustl.edu/EduDev/LabTutorials/Thermochem/Fridge.html

This is a thermochemistry experiment tutorial using the refrigerator as an example to exlain concepts of phase changes and heat engines. This tutorial includes learning questions that are distributed throughout the sections. Some key concepts to learn are heat engines, phases of matter, phase transitions, change in enthalpy, and the refrigeration cycle.
To do:
Answer questions 3 to 8 on phases and phase transitions and questions 9 to 11 on refrigeration.

Thermochemistry

http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/ch5/tempframe.html

Excellent comprehensive review tutorial on temperature, heat, work, and energy including discussions of enthalpy and Hess' law. Includes practice problems with answers. Specific topics of interest are easily accessed by separate links. From Purdue University.

Germain Henri Hess (1802 - 1850): Hess' Law

http://www.chemistry.co.nz/hess_law.htm

Short text-based explanation of Hess's law with a brief note on Germain Hess and an example.

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16 The Enthalpy of Combustion of a Vegetable Oil

History of ChEn: Oil

http://www.cems.umn.edu/~aiche_ug/history/h_energy.html#End

A brief history of the uses of oil as a source of energy and petrochemicals.
To do - answer the following questions:
What major inventions led to accelerating use of fossil fuels as a source of energy?
Compare the population of the United States and its energy usage relative to global population and energy usage. What non-renewable fuels are used as main sources of energy in the U.S.?
What are the non-energy uses of petroleum?

Petroleum Refining

http://www.cems.umn.edu/~aiche_ug/history/h_refine.html

An informative site on modern petroleum refining, explaining how crude oil is turned into valuable products using distillation methods and chemical reactors.
To do - answer the following question:
What are the five main processes that lead to useful petroleum products? List these processes and indicate what is produced by each one.

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17 Emission Spectra and the Elec. Struc. of Atoms - The Hydrogen Atom Spectrum

The Chemistry Hypermedia Project: Atomic-Absorption Spectroscopy

http://www.chemistry.vt.edu/chem-ed/spec/atomic/aa.html

Text-based discussion of atomic absorption spectroscopy and instrumentation with figures and hyperlinks for term definitions that lead to other sections of this tutorial set. Includes pictures of instrument. Browser must support JAVA script to view some of the clickable features. Quicktime movie does not work.
To do:
Identify the instrument parts featured in the JAVAscript tour of the Flame AA spectrometer. Notice that you have to keep guessing until you click on the right part of the instrument on the picture to get a close-up view of the instrument part identified in this tour. There are three featured instrument parts that the tour asks you to identify.
What is a "working curve" as defined by this online article?

The Chemistry Hypermedia Project: Atomic Emission Spectroscopy

http://www.chemistry.vt.edu/chem-ed/spec/atomic/aes.html

Text-based discussion of atomic emission spectroscopy and instrumentation with figures and hyperlinks for term definitions that lead to other sections of this tutorial set. Includes pictures of instrument. Browser must support JAVA script to view some of the clickable features. Quicktime movie does not work.
To do:
Click on the tour button. Identify the instrument parts featured in the JAVAscript tour of an inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer. Notice that you have to keep guessing until you click on the right part of the instrument on the picture to get a close-up view of the instrument part identified in this tour. There are three featured instrument parts that the tour asks you to identify.
What is the use of the polychromator? What advantage does an atomic-emission spectrometer have over an atomic-absorption spectrometer?
Explain the difference between the two techniques.

Chemical of the Week -- Gases that Emit Light

http://scifun.chem.wisc.edu/chemweek/gasemit/gas-emit.html

A text-based discussion of how gases are used to produce sources of light with some illustrations and reaction equations.
To do - answer the following questions:
What causes the gas inside a discharge lamp to emit light? What element will produce blue light? Red light?

Animated Vibrational Modes of Triatomic Molecules

http://jchemed.chem.wisc.edu/JCEWWW/Articles/WWW0001/index.html

This is a Journal of Chemical Education internet article discussing the complex vibrational motions of non-linear molecules and showing animations of simple harmonic motions resolved from the comlex vibrations.
To do:
Draw a picture of an SO2 molecule and indicate with arrows three of its vibrational motions. Do the same for the CO2 molecules. For SO2, which motion requires more energy, a stretching or a bending motion? Which one would have a higher frequency?

Reaction of Fluorine Atoms with Barium II

http://www.eclipse.net/~pankuch/use_BaF2-Quest-new.dcr

This a Shockwave Macromedia Director animation showing a simulation of the reaction of Ba and F with sound and some user controls and questions (202K). It illustrates through animation with text captions the reaction of fluorine atoms with a barium atom to form barium fluoride.

To do:
Describe the direction of electron flow. What happens to the atom that loses its electrons? What kind of attraction results when electrons are lost and gained that allows the atoms to form bonds?

About Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

http://www.spectrometer.org/uc/

Click on the "Contextual Examples" link on the left-hand frame to see examples of how atomic absorption spectroscopy is used in industry.

Vision and Light-Induced Molecular Changes

http://wunmr.wustl.edu/EduDev/LabTutorials/Vision/Vision.html

This is a spectroscopy and quantum chemistry experiment on the chemistry and physics of vision. Contains both text and colorful illustrations and links to other useful related sites.

Types of Molecular Vibrations

http://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/vibmodes/

Created by John J. Nash, Department of Chemistry, Purdue University.
This site allows visualization of the vibrational modes of methylene chloride using hyperchem and chime. The Chime plugin (MDL Information Systems, Inc.) is required to view the animations on these pages. The molecular geometry and vibrational frequencies were calculated using the HyperChem program (Hypercube, Inc.) and the AM1 Hamiltonian. Animation files for the vibrational frequencies were created using the program hcvibs written by John J. Nash, Purdue University.

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18 Ionic Bonds and Compounds - Conductivity of Solutions of Ionic and Covalent Compounds

Electron Sharing and Covalent Bonds

http://www.chem.ox.ac.uk/vrchemistry/electronsandbonds/intro1.htm

This is a self-guided web-based text chapter 54 pages long on Electron Sharing and Covalent Bonds containing text, illustrations, and some animations. At the bottom of the page is a bar with an arrow next to it. Clicking on the arrow will allow you to view and jump to the specific topics in the chapter. In the upper right corner of the page, there is an arrow that allows you to navigate the chapter page by page. Notice also, just on top to the right of the menu bar are three yellow symbols. You can click on these symbols to view and play the animations.
To do:
Click on the arrow next to the bar that says menu. When you see the list of topics, point your arrow and click on "Questions and Problems". Doing this will take you to the page on which the Question Set starts. The Question Set consists of 25 questions from pages 48 to 52. Pick a minimum of 10 or more of the questions and answer them by using the Topics List under the MENU bar to navigate through the chapter to search for the answers to the questions. You can also answer the problems but make sure to indicate it on your answer sheet. Of course, if you think you can answer the questions without looking them up, then do so to save you time. Print out the questions (or if you can't print them, write them down by hand) that you were able to answer. Turn this in together with your answers to the 10 or so questions.

Dissolution Process

http://www.umr.edu/~gbert/ANIMATED/Asoly.HTML

This page shows cartoon animation of the dissolution process for some compunds.
To do:
List the four molecules featured in this simulation and describe and explain their dissolution processes. Hint: You have to click on the gray button labelled with the name of the molecule to see the animation.

Notes on Total and Net Ionic Equations

http://www.chem.vt.edu/RVGS/ACT/notes/Notes_on_Net_ionic_rxns.html

A short tutorial on writing net ionic equations with practice problems.
To do:
At the bottom of the page, click on the hyperlink "Practice writing net equations".
Write the net equations for the 6 replacement reactions and the 5 ionic reactions in water. Hint: click on the statement link for clues.

Dissociation of NaCl in H2O

http://genchem.uncc.edu/pictures/NaCl.mov

Needs Quicktime plug-in.
Moving pictures with audio explaining the dissociation of salts in a polar substance like water.
Hint: Depending on the download speed, the movie will start as the download initiates but might pause as it waits for the rest of the file.

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B Writing Lewis Structures

Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR)

http://www.chem.purdue.edu/courses/chm116/test/vsepr/

A text-based tutorial on VSEPR with examples and sample problem with answers for self-check. The sample molecules can be viewed in 3-d, rotating form.
To do:
Read the tutorial. Do all of 11 examples by answering the exercises. Turn in your answers to the instructor.

The Covalent Bond

http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/ch8/valenceframe.html

Excellent comprehensive review tutorial on the covalent bond and valence electrons including a discussion of Lewis structures and molecular geometries based on VSEPR. Includes practice problems with answers. Specific topics of interest are easily accessed by separate links. From Purdue University.

Molecular Structure Calculations

http://www.colby.edu/chemistry/webmo/mointro.html

This site allows you to browse through a collection of molecules whose structural properties have been calculated: atomic charges, dipole moment, bond lengths, angles, bond orders, molecular orbital energies, total energy, and the best Lewis structure. Although it doesn't show the Lewis structure depiction common to most textbook treatment (using dots to represent electrons), it does give a detailed table of the hybridization of each bond between atoms. It also shows a rotating Chime view of the molecule.

Molecular Modelling

http://www2.gasou.edu/chemdept/general/molecule/index.htm

Contains tutorials on lewis structures, formal charges, resonance structures, VSEPR, etc. Has an online quiz on VSEPR using CHIME pictures of molecules.

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19 Models of Molecular Shapes

VSEPR-Practical

http://www.chem.ox.ac.uk/vrchemistry/vsepr/intro/vsepr_splash.html

Needs Chime plug-in. Contains a tutorial, molecular shapes, examples, problems.
This computer course is designed to teach the user the VSEPR rules. Once the user is familiar with the rules a set of worked examples are available to show how they are applied to unfamiliar molecules. Then there is a set of problems in which the user must determine the geometry of a series of molecules which will be randomly selected by the computer.
To access the tutorial page, click on the picture box. This will open up another window with a menu on the left. The tutorial section guides you in determining shapes through a series of questions. The molecular shapes section allows you to view molecules with different numbers of negative centers and their possible shapes. The examples sections give examples that are the same molecules used in the molecular shapes section of the tutorial. For each molecule a break down of the electron count, which leads to the shape determination, is given.
To do:
Once you have finished looking at these different sections, click on the problems section and attempt all 20 of the problems. Turn in a handwritten or printed copy of your score sheet to the instructor.

MOLECULAR MODELS

http://www.eosc.osshe.edu/chemweb/molmodel/mmp3.html

Uses Chime plug-in.
This table summarizes the interrelationships between the number of groups of electrons around a central atom, the molecular shape around the central atom, and the electron pair geometry around the central atom. Using Chime, examples of molecules can be viewed in 3-D shape and animated. Note that the number of unshared electron pairs that may be associated with the central atom are indicated.
To do:

Draw each molecular example given in the table, identify the central atome, and indicate its orbital hybridization.

Valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR)

http://www.shef.ac.uk/~chem/vsepr/

Needs Chime plug-in. More in-depth text-based tutorial on VSEPR and examples which can be viewed with CHIME

Chemical Bonds, Molecular Models and Molecular Shapes

http://mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/cic/sr/labs/lab5.htm

To view and rotate the molecules on this web page, you need to install a plug in called Chemscape CHIME. You can download CHIME
from MDL Information Systems, Inc.

The Structures of Simple Inorganic Solids

http://www.chem.ox.ac.uk/course/inorganicsolids/

This is a complete guided tutorial on structures of inorganic solids from the Oxford University Virtual Chemistry site(http://www.chem.ox.ac.uk/vrchemistry/default.html). This advanced practical is intended to help you understand the manner in which the regular structures of some simple inorganic solids are constructed. The manual consists of three sections (Introduction, Close Packed Structures, and Structures Based on Linked Polyhedra) and an online practical. There is also a link for a web-based lecture course on structure of solids which contains detail and images related to this practical.

Crystals Help Page

http://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/crystals/

Requires Chime plug-in. This is a tutorial from Purdue University showing rotatable 3-D Chime views of crystal stuctures including extended examples of simple cubic structure, body-centered structure, and face-centered cubic structure. Some samples for viewing includes crystals of ammonium nitrate, calcium chloride, carbon dioxide, etc.

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Aspirin Synthesis

The Chemistry Hypermedia Project: Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy

http://www.chemistry.vt.edu/chem-ed/spec/vib/ir.html

Text-based introduction to infrared absorption spectroscopy from the Chemistry Hypermedia Project online resource.

The Chemistry Hypermedia Project: Infrared Absorption Spectrometers

http://www.chemistry.vt.edu/chem-ed/spec/vib/ir-instr.html

This page from the Chemistry Hypermedia Project shows a schematic picture explaining the operation of an infrared spectrometer.

To do - answer the following questions:

What other analytical instruments make use of infrared spectrometers? What function does an IR spectrometer play in these instruments?

The Chemistry Hypermedia Project: NMR - Introduction

http://www.chemistry.vt.edu/chem-ed/spec/spin/nmr.html

Text-based introduction on NMR

How Aspirin Works

http://cti.itc.Virginia.EDU/~cmg/Demo/pdb/cycox/cycox.html

Provides an advance treatment of the biochemistry of aspirin in a discussion of cyclooxygenase structure and mechanism.

Aspirin

http://www.bris.ac.uk/Depts/Chemistry/MOTM/aspirin/aspirin1.htm

Organic Index

http://wulfenite.fandm.edu/Molecularimages/Organicpdb/organicindex.html

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20 Intermolecular Forces - Slime Gel

Intermolecular Forces

http://wine1.sb.fsu.edu/chm1045/notes/Forces/intermol/Forces02.htm

A web page on intermolecular forces with some illustrations.
To do:
Describe each of the 4 intermolecular forces discussed on this page using your own words and an illustration.
What are van der Waals forces?
Compare the strength of intermolecular bonds versus intramolecular bonds.
Why does acetaldehyde boil at a much higher temperature than propane when they have the same molecular mass?
What kind of force allows gases of non-polar molecules to be liquified?
What is polarizability?

LBNL - KEVLAR

http://www.lbl.gov/MicroWorlds/Kevlar/

A teaching module presenting real scientific research done at the Advanced Light Source in Lawrence Berkeley National Lab.
This module examines what makes Kevlar a strong material and presents a series of scientific findings from the Advanced Light Source at LBNL in the form of clues. It also includes activities that are related to a specific result and questions about the chemistry involved.

What is a Liquid?

http://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/liquids/index.html

This is a short tutorial from the Purdue University Chemistry website on liquids - its definition, characteristics, properties and the intermolecular forces that govern its structure. It contains excellent visualization using Chime. For the complete set of tutorials from this website, go to http://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/.

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21 Liquids and Solids / Vapor Pressure

Vapor Pressure Demonstration

http://155.135.31.26/oliver/vaporprs.htm

Requires RealPlayer. This chemical demonstration was created by Oliver Seely to illustrate the high vapor pressure of diethyl ether. This Web page contains photos and video that are in the public domain and may be copied without restriction.
To do:
Explain how the difference in vapor pressures between diethyl ether and water is demonstrated in this experiment.

Refrigeration and Phase Changes

http://wunmr.wustl.edu/EduDev/LabTutorials/Thermochem/Fridge.html

Text with illustrations and a movie. Requires Quicktime.
A tutorial on the process of refrigeration discussing related concepts such as heat engines, phase transitions, and enthalpy changes.
To do:
Answer questions 1 - 11 and turn in your answers to the instructor.

About Water and Ice

http://cwis.nyu.edu/pages/mathmol/modules/water/info_water.html

A brief tutorial about water with pictures and movie simulations.
To do - answer the following questions:
What type of bonds exist in a water molecule and why is H2O considered a polar molecule?
Explain the type of bond that exists between water molecules that make bulk water a highly cohesive substance.

Water Module -Concepts and Challenges

http://cwis.nyu.edu/pages/mathmol/modules/water/water_concepts.html

Various movie simulations of the water molecule. Your computer must have VRML capabilities.
To do:
Answer the questions posted on this page based on the simulations and turn in to your instructor.

Ground Water Primer: U.S. EPA Student Center

http://www.epa.gov/students/ground_water_primer.htm

This is an Environmental Protection Agency primer on groundwater basics discussing such topics as the hydrologic cycle, water supply and demand, and the fundamentals of hydrogeology.
To do:
Read about how water cycles through our environment. Summarize the events that occur using the terms used in the tutorial.

What is a Liquid?

http://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/liquids/index.html

Liquids

http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/ch14/liquidsframe.html

Excellent comprehensive review tutorial on liquids. Includes practice problems with answers. Specific topics of interest are easily accessed by separate links. From Purdue University.

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22 Colligative Properties

Structure of Ice Cream

http://www.foodsci.uoguelph.ca/dairyedu/icstructure.html

This article is a text-based and illustrated detailed description and explanation of the structure of ice cream and presents some interesting chemistry and physics behind this wonderful food creation.
To do:
By browsing this page, you will find that freezing point depression has something to do with the chewability and scoopability of ice cream even at sub-zero temperatures. Briefly summarize how this article explains why "unfrozen" water particles remain even at the typical serving temperature of -16 degrees celsius! Explain the concept of freezing concentration. Enjoy!

The Drive to Make Things Happen - Solutions and Colligative Properties

http://www.chem.ox.ac.uk/vrchemistry/potential/Text/solutions1.htm

The following teaching material is based on an extract from the book "Chemistry, Matter, And The Universe" by Richard E. Dickerson and Irving Geis. You should use Netscape Communicator or Internet Explorer versions 4.0 or above in order to view these web pages. The plug-in Shockwave is required to view the multimedia animations in the web pages. This is a self-guided web-based text chapter on "The Drive to Make Things Happen: Chemical and Electrical Potential" containing text, illustrations, and some animations. At the bottom of the page is a bar that says "Online Multimedia Links" with an arrow next to it. Clicking on the arrow will allow you to view and jump to the specific topics in the chapter. In the upper right corner of the page, there is an arrow that allows you to navigate the chapter page by page. For this lab, you will be perusing the following sections under Online Multimedia Links (click on the arrow to view the list): Solutions and Colligative Properties, Boiling Point Elevation, Freezing Point Depression, and Osmotic Pressure. These sections run from page 5 to page 24, about 20 pages of multimedia-enhanced fun textbook reading. Remember that the arrows at the top right of the page allow you to go through the sections page by page. Some of the pages might take a while to load because of animations that need to load a plug-in in order to run so be patient. Also, some sample problems are also worked out for you. You can view the solutions by clicking on the hyperlink.
To do:
As you go through these 20 fun pages, make sure to take notes on the following and turn in to your instructor:
a) What are the 4 colligative properties of solutions that are discussed in the sections. b) Explain how the presence of solutes in the solution results in these colligative properties.
c) What is Raoult's law? Give the expression that shows the lowering of the vapor pressure of the solution as a function of the amount of solute.
d) Will NaCl lower the vapor pressure of a solution more than, less than, or as much as glucose will?
e) Explain how you can deduce if the compund K3Fe(CN)6 dissociates into individual ions. How many ions per molecule will be produced if it does?
f) Explain how a living cell will react when it is put in a a) salty solution and in b) pure water? Explain the colligative property responsible for this.

Nature's Antifreeze

http://www.sunybroome.edu/~flynn_b/freeze.htm

This is an interesting article on the different biological chemicals that act as "anti-freeze" substance in the bodies of these animals.

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